Shigella causes cell injury and resulting complications by direct invasion of colonic mucosa and production of enterotoxins. Once ingested, Shigella enters the small intestine and multiplies then enters the large intestine. The number of organisms required to cause the disease is usually 10 to 200 due to the low sensitivity to stomach acid and downregulation of antibacterial proteins of the host by the organism. Humans are the only natural reservoir for shigella. However, it can also be transmitted sexually especially in men who have sex with men or by flies. The path of transmission of shigellosis is mostly via the fecal-oral route in developed countries and fecal-oral route, water-borne or food-borne in developing countries. Outbreaks of shigellosis have also occurred in men who have sex with men. Foodborne transmission has also been reported in the United States. Shigellosis is common in daycare centers and residential institutions in the United States. There is no gender predominance and racial predilection for shigellosis. Shigella is the most common cause of diarrheal illness in children younger than 5 years old in Saharan Africa and South Asia. flexneri. It is more common in young children with most cases reported in children (28 cases/100,000 in children) younger than 4 years and 25 cases/100,000 in 4 to 11-year-olds). The serotype responsible for mainly causing disease in developing countries is S. Most cases reported in the United States are caused by S. In the United States, it results in about 450,000 cases annually. In developed countries, the incidence is around 1.5 million cases per year. The incidence of shigellosis is reported to be one hundred eighty-eight million cases per year with approximately 1 million deaths annually. However, high-risk individuals may end up with complications. It self-resolves within 5 to 7 days of onset of symptoms. These symptoms include high fever, vomiting, diffuse colicky abdominal pain followed by bloody mucoid diarrhea and tenesmus. Clinical manifestations usually result within 12 hours to 3 days of ingestion of the organism with an average incubation period of 3 days. In the colon, it produces shigella enterotoxins and serotype toxin 1, resulting in watery or bloody diarrhea. Once ingested, it multiplies in the small intestine and enters the colon. Shigella species is relatively resistant to acid in the stomach, and few organisms are required to cause the disease. High-risk group include very young, elderly, and immunocompromised person. Shigella can cause infection in all age groups. It is common in developing countries and results from contaminated food, poor sanitation conditions, or direct person to person contact. Shigellosis is a form of bacterial diarrhea caused by gram-negative bacteria Shigella species. This activity reviews the evaluation, treatment, and complications of shigellosis and underscores the importance of an interprofessional team approach to its management. However, the very young, the elderly, and the immunocompromised may suffer complications or even death from this disease. The condition usually self-resolves within 5 to 7 days of onset of symptoms. Symptoms include high fever, vomiting, diffuse colicky abdominal pain followed by bloody mucoid diarrhea, and tenesmus. Clinical manifestations usually present between 12 hours and 3 days of ingestion of the organism and the average incubation period is 3 days. Once ingested, it multiplies in the small intestine then enters the colon, where it produces shigella enterotoxins and serotype toxin 1, which cause watery or bloody diarrhea. Shigella is relatively resistant to acid in the stomach, and few organisms are required to cause the disease. It can occur in all age groups, but high-risk groups include the very young, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. It is common in developing countries and is transmitted via the ingestion of contaminated food, poor sanitation, or direct person-to-person contact. Shigellosis is a form of bacterial diarrhea caused by the Shigella species.
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